Background: If couples do not learn communication and conflict resolution skills, disagreements will escalate from verbal to behavioral. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of reality Therapy based on choice theory and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in addressing the psychological needs of couples seeking counseling services. Materials and Methods: This research was a quasi-experimental study employing a pretest-posttest design with a control group. It was conducted on couples seeking counseling in Tehran, Iran, during 2022-2023. Overall, 60 participants were selected through purposeful sampling and were divided into three groups: two experimental groups and one control group (20 participants each). The first experimental group received group reality Therapy for 10 sessions, each lasting 60 min, while the second experimental group received CBT for eight sessions, each lasting 90 min. The control group, on the other hand, did not undergo any interventions. The data were collected using the Basic Psychological Need Scale and analyzed using SPSS software (version 23) through multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).   Results: The results showed a significant difference between the control group and the CBT group in identifying basic needs, namely love and belongingness, power, freedom, survival, and fun, with differences of 5.07, 5.46, 3.49, 5.31, and 4.74, respectively. The differences were statistically significant at the 0.01 level. Conclusion: The findings suggest that although both methods were successful, reality Therapy based on choice theory was more influential because of its unique strategy for resolving deep-seated conflicts experienced by individuals.

Introduction: The social situation of the society has progressed in a direction that the levels of tensions entering the educational environment has increased. Cognitivebehavioral Therapy (CBT) training can be important in controlling stress and conflict in students. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of cognitivebehavioral Therapy training on the hardness and individual-social adjustment the in students of Dezful University of Medical Sciences. Materials and Methods: A quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test design was performed on 200 students of Dezful University of Medical Sciences (100 in experimental group and 100 in control group) by random sampling method in 2020. Data were collected using standard questionnaires including hardiness (Kobasa) and adjustment. Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using descriptive statistics including mean, standard deviation and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: In the post-training period of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, there was a statistically significant difference between the mean total score of hardiness, adaptation and their dimensions in the two groups (P< 0. 05). These differences were also observed in the follow-up phase after 4 months of intervention (P< 0. 05). Conclusion: The Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy has a positive effect on the level of hardness and adjustment of the students and also, this method of treatment can be used to promote students' health and mental health. It is suggested that this educational-therapeutic approach be used in the counseling centers and student psychological services.

Background & Objectives: Depression disorders are prevalent and cause considerable suffering and disease burden. According to the World Health Organization, more than three–, quarters of people in the developing world who have mental disorders (such as depression) do not receive any treatment because of limited geographical access to trained professionals, a therapist, expensive treatment sessions, and cultural problems. One solution is telemental health or using digital technology to provide long–, distance mental health care, especially with the expansion of the Internet and smartphones in the last two decades. The ease and convenience of scheduling a Therapy appointment online and chatting with a therapist from the privacy of one's own home—, or wherever one may want—, is a huge draw for consumers, many of whom are seeking Therapy for the first time in their lives. It helps normalize mental health care, especially among generations who are so accustomed to interacting with people using technology, and eliminates so many barriers. The current study aimed to compare the effectiveness of online text messenger–, based cognitive–, behavior Therapy (by WhatsApp messenger) with in–, person cognitive–, behavioral Therapy on persistent depression. Methods: This is a quasi–, experimental study with a pretest–, posttest design with a control group. The study population included all 18–,to 55–,year–, old people referring to four counseling and psychology clinics in the west of Tehran City, Iran, in 2018. After observing the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the research and implementing the Beck Depression Inventory–, II (BDI–, II) (Beck et al., 1996), Structured Clinical Interview for DSM–, 5 (SCID–, 5–, CV) (First et al., 2016), and Diagnosis by a psychiatrist and psychologist, 30 patients with persistent depression were selected as the study samples. They were chosen by convenience sampling and randomly divided into three groups: online text messenger–, based cognitive–, behavior Therapy (by WhatsApp), individual in–, person cognitive–, behavior Therapy, and controls. All study subjects completed the Beck Depression Inventory–, II (Beck et al., 1996) before and after the treatment. The members of two experimental groups received cognitive–,behavior Therapy in 8 sessions, but the controls received no treatment. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (one–, way analysis of variance and Chi–, square tests to compare the age and gender of the groups, analysis of covariance, and Bonferroni's post hoc test) in SPSS version 22. The significance level of the tests was considered 0. 05. Results: The findings showed that both interventions, i. e., online text messenger–, based cognitive–, behavioral Therapy (by WhatsApp messenger) and individual in–, person cognitive–, behavior Therapy, significantly (both p<0. 001) decreased persistent depression in patients compared to the control group. However, no significant difference was observed between the two mentioned methods (p=0. 690). Conclusion: According to the findings, persistent depression (mild and moderate) can be improved after using psychological interventions such as individual in–, person cognitive–, behavioral Therapy and online text messenger–, based cognitive–, behavioral Therapy (by WhatsApp messenger). None of the methods was more effective than the other in reducing persistent depression, and both are equally effective.